The plant immune system

Abstract

Due to the sessile nature, plants cannot simply escape a stressful situation. However, plants developed a multilayered immune system to counteract certain stresses. Highly specialized components of the immune system enable the plant to detect a dangerous situation. These danger signals can have exogenous (PAMPs) or endogenous (DAMPs) origins and be recognized through surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) or effector- triggered immunity (ETI). After the activation of plant pattern recognition receptors, the signal is usually transmitted downstream by protein phosphorylation; it causes disease-related immune responses such as downstream Ca2+ signal inflow, reactive oxygen accumulation, callose accumulation, phytohormones production, and transcriptional changes. In this work a compendium is realized on the molecular and biochemical characteristics of the defense mechanisms in the plants.